15,097 research outputs found
The Changing Discourse of the Supreme Court
[Excerpt] âAcademics, judges, and other commentators complain that, for the past few decades, the Justices on the Supreme Court have been increasingly writing opinions that are unreadable for most American citizens. Those critics complain that the opinions are too long and too complex, riddled with incomprehensible multi-part tests. They also attack the style of the opinions and assert that recent opinions are more likely to be written in a technocratic, rather than persuasive, style.
There seems to be little consensus among the critics regarding why the Justices are writing opinions that are increasingly unreadable. Some attribute it to the increasing complexity of issues that the Court is considering. Others suggest that the shift could be attributable to the lack of trial court experience among Justices. Some also speculate that a greater reliance on law clerks might be fueling a shift.
Regardless of the reason for the shift, if such a shift is truly occurring, it could have important repercussions, depending on how one views the purposes of the Supreme Courtâs opinions and the audiences to whom they are directed. If, as some academics assert, Supreme Court opinions are directed, at least in part, toward the public and are designed, at least in part, to advise the public about legal rights and responsibilities and to build public confidence in the rule of law by demonstrating a rational and transparent decision-making process, then unreadable Supreme Court opinions undermine those goals. If, however, Supreme Court opinions are simply directed to the parties before the court, other courts and agencies, lawyers, and law students, the shift is less problematic.
Rescattering of Vector Meson Daughters in High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions
We consider the role of hadronic rescattering of daughter kaons on the
observed mass spectra from meson decays in ultra-relativistic heavy ion
collisions. A hadronic cascade code (RQMD v2.4) shows that 26% of all
's decaying to in central Pb+Pb collisions at SPS energies
() have a rescattered or absorbed daughter. This
significantly affects the reconstructed invariant mass of the pair and shifts
mesons out of the mass peak. Kaon rescattering depletes the low velocity
region, hardening and broadening the observed phi and rapidity
distributions respectively, relative to the dilepton channel. This effect
produces an apparent change in the experimentally determined branching ratio
not necessarily related to chiral symmetry restoration. Comparisons to recent
experimental measures at CERN energies reveal a possible mechanism to account
for the shape of the observed spectra, though not their absolute relative
magnitude.Comment: submitted to Eur Jour Phys
Surgical technique: Tscherne-Johnson extensile approach for tibial plateau fractures.
BackgroundThe standard approach to lateral tibial plateau fractures involves elevation of the iliotibial band (IT) and anterior tibialis origin in continuity from Gerdy's tubercle and metaphyseal flare. We describe an alternative approach to increase lateral plateau joint exposure and maintain iliotibial band insertion to Gerdy's tubercle.Description of techniqueThe approach entails a partial tenotomy of the anterior half of the IT band leaving the posterior IT band insertion attached to Gerdy's tubercle. Fracture lines around Gerdy's tubercle are completed or the tubercle was osteotomized and externally rotated and the joint overdistracted, allowing direct visualization of the joint depression. Joint elevation, grafting, and internal fixation are performed through this window.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 76 patients (two groups), Schatzker Types I to II and IV to VI fractures (66 patients), between 1989 and 2005, and 10 patients, with 10 bicondylar posterior plateau fractures, from 2002 to 2010. All patients were followed a minimum of 12 months (average, 3.9 years; range, 12 months to 10 years). Ten patients, with posterior plateau fractures, received anterolateral plateau intraarticular osteotomy for exposure of centroposterior and posterolateral articular depression.ResultsAverage knee ROM was 2° of flexion (range, -3° to 5°) to greater than 120° of flexion (range, 100°-145°). In 66 patients, average articular depression improved from 7.4 mm to 1 mm (range, 0-5 mm) and, in 10 posterior fractures, from 18 mm to 1 mm (range, 0-4.5 mm). Infection occurred in one of the 76 patients; acute débridement and intravenous antibiotics resulted in control of the infection.ConclusionsThis approach reliably increases direct visualization of the lateral plateau articular fractures and maintains IT band insertion. Articular osteotomy of the anterolateral plateau provides access to extensive posterior plateau fractures
Guided Open Vocabulary Image Captioning with Constrained Beam Search
Existing image captioning models do not generalize well to out-of-domain
images containing novel scenes or objects. This limitation severely hinders the
use of these models in real world applications dealing with images in the wild.
We address this problem using a flexible approach that enables existing deep
captioning architectures to take advantage of image taggers at test time,
without re-training. Our method uses constrained beam search to force the
inclusion of selected tag words in the output, and fixed, pretrained word
embeddings to facilitate vocabulary expansion to previously unseen tag words.
Using this approach we achieve state of the art results for out-of-domain
captioning on MSCOCO (and improved results for in-domain captioning). Perhaps
surprisingly, our results significantly outperform approaches that incorporate
the same tag predictions into the learning algorithm. We also show that we can
significantly improve the quality of generated ImageNet captions by leveraging
ground-truth labels.Comment: EMNLP 201
Strategic Group Analysis of U.S. Food Businesses Using the Two-step Clustering Method
strategic group, planning, strategy, performance, Agribusiness, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Marketing, Productivity Analysis, M0, M14, M2, M30,
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